Contract Types

Within all job roles there are different types of contract types.
These consist of  full time, part time, permanent, fixed term, hourly paid, salaried and paid on completion.

The most known contract types are full time and part time, the main different within these two contracts are the number of hours that you are contracted to work.
Full time employment is where the employee works the full number of hours defined by the employer within the contract. In full time employment the standard working hours consist of five eight hour days, totaling 40 hours a week.
When you are a part-time worker your hours are fewer then a full time worker. As a full time worker works 8 hours a day a part-time worker should only be working less that 35 hours a week

There are other forms of contracts that are a little more complex that just working full time and part time.
When you work a permanent contract, there is an official or written agreement between and employee and the employer which states the rules and regulations for a full time or part time basic, or how many hours they are working. it also means that it is against the law to get fired for reasons such as 'we are over staffed'.

A fixed term contract is where you and the employer agree how long you will be working for the company. A fixed term contract doesn't count if you have a contract with an agency rather than the company you are working for, if you are a student or trainee on work experiences, if you are working under a 'contract of apprenticeship' or if you are a member of the armed forces.
They may be fixed term contracts if it is a seasonal period e.g christmas, covering maternity leave or a specialist employee for a project.

When you are working for different contracts the pay can also be different. both part time and full time contracts can get paid by the hour, or they can be paid a set salary.
When you are paid hourly you are paid for the amount of hours that you work, usually you will have to 'clock in' or write down the hours that you work from the time you arrive to the time you finish.
When you are paid a salary you are paid the same amount every month or week depending on the contract, and this never changes unless you receive a pay rise.

The final type of contract is paid on completion. This can be used as a form of payment when working in production.
When you are paid on completion it means that you agree on a payment and you receive the payment once the job is done. The most common example of this is with builders, but in recent cases this has became an issue as people are starting to request half of the pay half way through the job and then leave it un-finished.

Produce a Case Study

SITES USED
http://www.payscale.com/research/UK/Job=Camera_Operator/Salary
http://provideocoalition.com/freshdv/story/production_jobs_and_responsibilities_of_crew/
http://www.creativeskillset.org/film/jobs/camera/article_4688_1.asp



For this project we have to investigate the different jobs within a certain creative sector and provide examples of how to reach certain careers.There are many different creative sectors such as Production, Publishing, Game Design, Radio, Animation, and web-authoring. My Chosen sector Is publishing because my dream career is a Music video producer.

Production

Many people believe that the only jobs when working in production are, script writers, producers, directors and camera operators but there are many more. The roles vary from a range of financial, managerial, technical,creative and sales and marketing. Some examples of the job roles within production are.

Production staff
Casting Director
Production Manager
1st and 2nd assistant director
script supervisor
key production assistant
production accountant
location manager
publicist

Art Department
Art director
production designer
publicity designer
key makeup person
key hairdresser
costumer designer
set costumer
property manager
set decorator

Camera Department
Directory of photography
camera operator
1st and 2nd assistant cameraperson
continuity stills photographer
production still photographer
documentary videographer

Production Sound
Mixer/recordist
Sound assistant

Set Operations
Key Grip
Best-Boy grip
Set ops Grips
Dolly Grip
Construction Foreman
Construction Grips

Electrical
Gaffer
Best-boy Electirc

Post Production Staff

Editorial
Editor
Assistant Editor

Compositing
Lead Compositor/Visual Effects Supervisor
Compositors

Sound/Music
Sound designer
Composer
Mixing Engineer
Foley Artist

I have chosen to pick 1 from each department and go into further detail about each role to get a wider understanding.
The production accountant works closely with the UPM (Unit Production Manager) To make sure the production budget is used sufficiently and on everything that is needed for the production itself. Specific duties for this role will include the preparation of the budget in conjunction with UPM, maintenance of production accounts, facilitate release of expenditures and accounting for costs, and filling out cost reports. As a production accountant  you require certain skills. In addition to meticulous bookkeeping and accountancy skills, production accountant must also possess a thorough working knowledge of film making. they also need strong organisational and interpersonal communication skills and must be able to priorities jobs effectively and be able to work discretely, in order to maintain absolute confidentiality. Skills specific to the accounting role include expertise in accounting software as well as in movie magic or other budgeting and scheduling software.
Many production accountants are usually freelance (self-employed and hired to work for different companies on particular assignments.) The level of qualification required depends on the size and scale of the specific production. for example if there was a hollywood film being made they would depend on a extremely qualified in every area expected as to a short film production which may only require certain qualifications.
The average national salary for a production accountant or film production accountant is $77,000 (£46,891 GBP) The location of opportunity plays greatly on the salary average for example in LA, California the average production accountant salary is $79,000 (48,109) where as New York is $94,000 (£57,243)

In the art department, the set decorator works closely with the art director, production designer, construction foreman, and DP to dress and decorate the sets, some of their duties will include; painting, draping,arranging props and small-scale landscaping. The responsibilities of the set decorator include preparations for detailed prop breakdowns, marking the script up and listing requiremant for action props, animals, vehicles, dressing props and any graphic items (Letters, newspapers, posters, books etc).  The items that are required are then located, purchased or hired, and where necessary.  Set decorators may also work on product placement arrangements or on acquiring copyright clearances for branded items that may be used as props in the production. There is a wide knowledge in design and decorating required as part of the key skills needed to obtain this job role, aswell as basic computer skills and a full clean driving licence. some other skills include; Good eye for decoration and precise attention to detail, anthusiasm for dressing objects and for decoration, good sense of colour and form, a methodical approach to work, creative flair, ability to see the broader picture and to co-ordinate effectively, ability to work as part of a team and knowledge of the requirements of the relevant health and safety legislation and procedures. The working hours of a set decorator can be long and may involved working evenings and weekends in order to meet the deadlines required for the production, you could work in a studio, office or from home. Most set designers work on a freelance basis and there rates can very.  The average earned in May 2009 was £15,80 hourly or £32,890 annually. 

A camera operator is one of the most important job roles in the industry as depending on the camera operator results in the quality of the production. The camera operators usually begin work at the end of pre-production they usually assists the DP in camera operation aswell as the director and grip, they are responsible for the 1st and 2nd assistant camera operators and the camera trainee, specifit duties will include Operating the cameras, focus marking and pulling, and maintenance and management of camera equipment. The key skills needed in order to become a camera operator include; a good sense of visual composition, perpective and movement, a physical co-ordination and strength, the ability to combine creativity with technical skills, precise attention to detail, effective communication skills, ability to collaborate and to work as part of a team, diplomacy and sensitivity when working with artists and crew and finally the knowledge of the requirements of the relevant health and safety legislation and procedures. There are no specific qualifications required to work for this role althought film schools and training course tend to offer a good basic grounding in the skills and knowledge required for this role. The most useful courses offer alot of practical experience and may also include work placement experience. Some well known courses include City & guilds courses, BTEC HNC/HNDs, foundation degrees, first degrees and post graduate qualifications in media, film and TV production and even cinematography. Camera operators hours vary as they could be as often as possible, or long and irregular. they may also include working nights and weekends depending on the production itself. You will need to be flexible and available to work at short notice especially for news production as this can occur at any time. Freeland camera operators are usually paid a fee for each contract which are decided between each other. The national salary is 13,602 - £48,479 with a bonus of £300.00 - £5,500.

In the sound production section there are 3 main roles. The mixer/recordist, boom operators and the sound assistant. the mixer/recordists' job is just as important as anyone else's as without the sound producer the sound would not be apart of the production itself which could decrease the popularity of the production. They are the on-set/on-location sound engineer that is responsible for the recording of the production sound and any sync-related sound mixing and play back. Some of the main or most important duties that they have when working are, supervising the capture of the audio onto various devices. The maintenance and management of the on-set sound equipment, so making sure that all equipment is safe, beign used correctly and in working order. they also assist in the recording of ADR, foley & music during the post production.
If you were ever interested in obtaining a job working as a mixer/recordist for a production team there are a series of key skills that are needed such as having excellent aural skills, good communication skills, diplomacy and tact, the ability to give and accept direction when or if needed, paying precice attention to detail, having the ability to make important decisions when working under pressure and having a knowledge of the requirements of health and safety legislation and procedures. 
The qualifications needed for this role usually need to consist of specialist training in sound recording before you start out at the junior level.
The average salary of a sound mixer in the UK is between £12,449 - £61,981.
The majority of production sound mixers train in sound recording but start working in the industry at junior levels as sound trainees.

In the set operation team the key grip has the responsibility to work with the gaffer in setting and cutting lights to create shadow effects for the set lighting and supervises the camera cranes, dollies, platforms and wild wall movements according to the DP. Grips are usually responsible for pushing the dolly (the wheeled platform that carries the camera and camera operator) and must create smooth movement that do not distract from the main camera. As a grip you begin work in the later stages of preproduction, when they join all other departments to help with technical recce. Most grips work in the british film industry after they have served their apprenticeship while working for one of the equipment houses, or started their career in driving the camera car.
Grips need to have excellent up to date knowledge of all camera equipemtn they should also be enthusiastic about mechanics and have the ability to assemle equipment. some of the key skills that are needed for this job roles are good leadership skills, the inititative and ability to respond quickly to different situations, the ability to collaborate and work as part of a team, diplomacy and sensitivity when working with artists and other members of the crew, have a high level of physical stamina and strength and since a camera grip has to lift alot of heavy equipement aswell as pull it they need a thorough knowledge of the requiment of the health and safety legislation and procedures to ensure that they do not harm there selves of any one else.

The electrical department is one of the most important departments within the media department as most if not all of the media sectors depend on electricity to get things done. The gaffer is also sometimes called the lighting designer. They are chief electrician who supervises set lighting in accordance with the requirements of the DP. The Gaffers key responsibility is health and safety due to being around electrical appliances all the time. The need to stay in control of risk assessments and oversee all the work taking place, it is also there responsibility to watch the lighting budget.The Gaffers check the list of lighting with the best boy to ensure that the correct equipment is ordered, and mediate between the lighting crew and the DoP.
It is difficult to say how much a lighting gaffer earns per year on average because it varys in the size of the contracts that they are signed to, and the majority of lighting directors are freelance so they negotiate with clients a salary per shoot of for a fixed term contract. Many gaffers will start out as lighting technicians who earn around £25,000 per year but at the very beginning they will work and train for a lot less.
To become a gaffer you need to require some of the more important skills. Gaffers must be imaginative, and must have a high-level of technical skills that have been proven over several years of work. They must also be able to solve problems and have excellent communication and team leadership skills. The role itself requires self confidence and assertiveness as working as a gaffer involves working with a group of 100+ people that you need to direct in teams.
Gaffers must also be fully qualified electricians with usually a rise through of the lighting departments. They may have a degree in electrical engineering and gained additional qualifications through training and education.

The editorial team are who bring the whole production together to create the final stages of the production.
The editors are the key head of this department responsible for first assistant editors and on bigger productions, second assistants and trainees. They work closely with the director before shooting begins, The key skills of the editor are having the ability to be creative under pressure, imagination and an understanding of narrative, an excellent communication and interpersonal skills, a developed sense of rhythm and timing when telling stories, highly developed aesthetic visual awareness, the ability to lead a team, having a good sense of patience, and attention to detail as well as good organisational skills and finally a knowledge of the requirements of the relevant health and safety legislation and procedures.
The average salary for an editor is £25,951 per year. most people move on to other jobs if they have more than 20 years experience as an editor.

The compositing team consists of two roles. The lead compositor/visual effects supervisor and the compositors them selves.
The visual effects supervisors are the lead compositor they work under the supervision of the director, DP and the art director in coordination with the editor to design and implement compositing effects. The visual effects create everything in a film that cannot be captured on a single piece of film in the camera it often is known as special effects. but technically special effects concerns live sequences that take place on a film set such as animatronics, pyrotechnics or wire-work.
A lot of people start as assistants at visual effects and post-production companies, they are very good places to start out because you get a first class look at everything that goes on and a basic knowledge of the techniques used in this departments. To get into the compositing business you need to have a good basic knowledge of camera equipment and techniques, film lab processes, compositing techniques and software. you also need a good visual sense and a creative approach to telling a story.
A visual effects supervisors each on average a salary of £44,500 per year.

The sound/music team are the final production team that i'm going to talk about as this is one of the final stages of editing which draws the entire production together.
The sound designer is possibly the main role within this department. They work in conjunction with the director and are responsible for the ideation and creation of the overall soundtrack of the film. The sound designer also supervises the mix of music, dialogue, ADR, Foley and sound effects.
All sound designers start out as sound enthusiast and have usually spent many years recording and experimenting with everyday sound before they start a career in the sound industry. Sound design is a highly competitive area even the most highly qualified participants must be prepared to start out from the beginning. As well as an enthusiasm for sound and film, sound designers must have a good understanding of acoustics and an expert knowledge of sound recording and editing techniques. some of the key skills that are included to have for this job role are. Excellent aural skills, creativity and imagination, the ability to work conceptually, have excellent communication skills, the ability to work under pressure to tight and changing deadlines, organisational and financial skills and a knowledge of the requirements of the relevant health and safety legislation and procedures.
a sound designers salary per year is £23,000.

professional behaviors

When working in any job sector it is extremely important to follow certain professional behaviors if you don't follow these it could result in a number of things from creating a bad example of the business, a bad production and even loosing your job.The environment you work in will always be different to a previous job; there will be many different ranges from your job role/title, to your dress code, how much time you get off and the general office atmosphere. Some of the main behaviors that you must follow are;

• Punctuality -
• Attitude-
• Presentation-
• organization - 
• reliability-
• communication skills - 
• Time management
• Respect
• work on own initiative
• motivation
• commitment
• self presentation
• and working as part of a team

These are all in there own way very important but work the best when they are all used together.
It is very important to be, punctual, and reliable in media. This is because if you are late to shoots it can jeopardize the production schedule, as well as being as reliable as possible and sometimes production may not go to plan due to natural causes such as weather, and this cannot be helped so you would have to be available to work when ever needed, same for working late nights to meet deadlines.

 Your appearance and attitude are also important, although a lot of job roles in media are behind the scenes is it still important to present yourselves in a professional manor, especially for interviews, meetings with clients and even for working behind scenes. if you turned up to work in just baggy old clothes these could even cause a risk, for example. If you are the camera man and you are wearing really baggy clothes, trousers especially, that droop along the floor you could catch wires linked up to expensive equipment and break things or trip over. Your attitude, like appearance, is again very important. If you meet with clients with an un interested attitude you could loose out on possible productions, as well as if you act lazy during the production you could upset colleagues, the bosses and the clients.

 Media can be a very stressful experience when it is unorganized. this makes organizational skills one of the most important techniques for this sector.  If you organize yourself during pre-production it speeds up the production process, and makes the situation 10 times easier. the main things to organize are the people involved, the equipment, the location and the schedule. if any of these are not organized before shoots it could jeopardize the shoot itself. for example if you forget to bring some important equipment you may not be able to film and it would waste a day of production.

You should always make sure that your communication skills are involved in media, without communication no one would know what is going on. If you didn't have good communication skills you could turn up to events which have been paid for on your own without any one else. it is extremely important to make sure that all people involved in the production are aware of what is going on at all times

It cost a lot of money to work in media, due to the amount of equipment, people employed and props involved in creating good quality production, so when a lot of money is being used to create things in time for the dead line it is your responsibility to make sure that you are always on time, dedicated to the job and motivated to do the best possible.
With good time managements skills you can ensure that no money is wasted during production, as there is nothing worse than planning a shoot and important people not turning up and this could cause issues such as the production not going ahead or certain scenes being cut jeopardizing the production.

In my opinion the most important professional behavior to have when working in the media sector is the ability to work on your own initiative as well as working as a team. You should always have the ability to decide when something needs to be done to help improve the production or to keep thing running smoothly but these will mean nothing if the whole team are not made aware of this. As well as this the media sector has so many different things going on at the same time that it would be impossible or extremely hard to do it all by yourself. This is where working in a team helps everyone involved in the production, not only does it give everyone the oportunity to bond and build relationships as part of the production team but it also allows the stress of the production to be evenly spread out giving everyone involved a different job role that needs to be carried out for the production. if you didnt work as a team during productions this could increase the budget as you would need more shoot days as you would only be limited to one shoot a day, it would also mean that you are not very organized because it would become very easy to remember what has and hasnt been done.

Overall i believe that if you have knowledge of all of the professional behaviors used in the creative media sector you should have no trouble working in it. 

Identifying regulatory issues

 In the media industry there are organisations known as 'Regulatory bodies' who regulate the media. This is to make sure people within the media follow any guidelines or ethical guidelines which they must depending on what they are producing. In the post I am going to be explaining the issues surrounding regulatory bodies in the media industry.

Definition of monopoly

A monopoly is when a company have ownership over the majority of the media market. An example of this would be Rupert Murdoch's hold over newspapers and media. Due to the fact, he owns so much of the world’s media industry, there is barely any room for other organisations to have a say in what goes on in the media industry. A monopoly can be beneficial if it increases the revenue of a company. This means that the company can then invest in things such as research or better technology. If a company has a monopoly they are less likely to invest in other businesses. It will leave little to no room for any competition which can hinder new innovative companies breaking into the market.

Why is it important no single media producer in the UK has a monopoly

It is important to have a lot of different businesses owning different parts of the media industry. This is because if one producer has control over the whole of a media sector, they gain monopoly. Having one person or company owning a monopoly could be detrimental to the industry. This is due to many reasons, the main one being that there will be no room for competition. Because of the single business having a hold over the industry no other company will stand a chance. The one owner will release products and services which they like instead of putting other people in as well as the one that can help their company gain more power. All in all, it is important to ensure a single producer doesn't have a monopoly. This is in order to maintain diversity within the industry and leave room for other companies.

Why is consumer choice important?

Consumer choice means giving the customers of your product the right of choice in regards to what they purchase. For example when buying a TV box like virgin, sky or free view. Many people will decide due to the price, the content or what else is included in the package for their reasons for picking this. Every different Satellite TV company has different varieties to offer in order to sell their product. This is important as it increases convenience for the consumer. It also ensures the product can fulfil a range of required purposes. This means that sales will increase because more customers will rely on the company, due to the range of choice and convenience. Consumer choice could also apply to a series of different companies.

Definitions of censorship

Censorship is usually done because the product is seen as potentially harmful or offensive. Censorship is controlled depending on what media sector you are working within. For instance, the ASA (Advertising Standards Authority) control the censorship of advertisements in the UK. This would differ from the BBFC (British board of film classification) who regulate censorship in films. The advert above is an example of media censorship in the UK as it was banned. This was mainly down to bad timing, as the London riots were unfolding in Britain upon it's release. Due to this the ASA banned the advertisement as the though it may incite violence or playing with fireworks. Above is a television advert which was banned due to the effects which it had on the public following it's release. Many parents were complaining that overweight children were getting bullied as a result of it.

Why do people think there is a fine line between censorship and protecting the public interest

Without censorship many harmful advertisements could be exposed to the public. This could incite illegal activities depending on the context of the advertisement  Also obscene advertisement could be published which would have a bad influence on the public (generally minors). However censorship also comes with a few disadvantages. For example it can stop effective and innovative advertisements being released due to bad undertones or references. This in a way restricts the public from seeing advertisement in which they may enjoy. This can also be the same for censorship regarding films. If a film is deemed inappropriate and needs to be censored then it might refrain the viewer from seeing an important scene.

Why should under 18’s be subject to particular consideration by regulators

Under 18's have many exceptions to the rules set in place by regulatory bodies. This is because people under the age of 18 are not classed as an adult therefore they need to be protected under many acts. In regards to censorship , minors cannot be shown negatively This is due to discrimination. Also advertisements for alcohol have to be intentionally not aimed at minors. This means young people cannot be used or encouraged to consume alcohol during and advertisement or publication.

In my opinion I believe that explicit censorship should be used for under 18’s under the circumstances of sexual behaviour, and violence. Although a lot of this can be seen on the internet and there are worse things shown on TV shows such as soaps and TV dramas.

regulartory bodies in the creative media sector

Through out this post i will be talking about the different regulatory bodies that have control over the media. What can and cannot be shown to the public and handling the complaints made by the audience members watching.
When working in media there are many laws, rules and regulations that you must follow in order to make your production successful, whether that is a radio show, creating a game,or producing a tv show or film. In this industry their are companies that set the regulations that must be followed, these companies are PCC, OFCOM, BBFC and ASA. Regulatory bodies are a public authority or government agency that are responsible for ensuring production do not harm the audience and cause a controversy. each body has a different set of regulations. 

Press complaints commission are in control of all complaints made in regards to the editorial content of newspapers and magazines as well as the content on websites. The purpose of the PCC is to serve the public by holding any editors to account of the content that has been complained about. The PCC started in 1953 with the aim to maintain high ethical standards of journalism. They have made sure that press in the UK has been subject to self-regulation for over 60 years.  
The PCC can also assist individuals by representing their interests to editors in advance of an article about them being published. they aim to promote high standards by developing clear guidance and practical principles through out rulings, and offering training and advice to editors and journalists
A celebrity took to the PCC when Tulisa Contostavlos, complained about a front page head line stating that she 'stole someones bloke' this outraged the former N-Dubz singer as it was a flase accusation that was damaging her image. The PCC decided that Sufficient remedial action is to be offered.
"In considering whether this offer was sufficient, the Commission therefore had regard for several countervailing factors: the extent to which the dispute related to matters of interpretation; the previous denials published by the newspaper; the clear attribution of the claims to Ms Ward; the steps the newspaper had taken to corroborate the claims before publication; and the delay in making the offer. The newspaper's decision not to seek the complainant's comment prior to publication represented a breach of the Code; however, on balance, the publication of the proposed statement would be a sufficient remedy, in all the circumstances of this case." - http://www.pcc.org.uk/cases/adjudicated.html?article=ODY3Mg==
The Consequences of not following the PCC's regulation is that after looking into the case in detail if they come to the conclusion that they agree with the complaint, the subject will be removed and not shown to the public.

Another regulatory body is the office of communications, more commonly known as OFCOM. OFCOM regulates, television and radio as well as fixed line telecoms,mobiles, postal services and airwaves over which wireless devices operate. The creation of OFCOM was announced in the Queen's Speech to the UK parliament in June 2001 but was launched 2 years later in 2003. 
The act says that ofcoms general duties should be to further the interest of citizens of consumers, meeting these two duties is at the heart of everything they do.
OFCOM took action over the sitcom Hollyoaks in March 2013 when they displayed a train accident as "violent and shocking". the scene shown was of a fight scene that was taking place near a train track to which someone was killed by an on-comming train. In defence to OFCOMs action channel 4 stated that alot of action and consideration was put into place to ensure the sequence complied with TV rules.
Ofcom concluded the scene had the "potential to distress younger viewers as well as raise concerns about the level of violence amongst parents watching with their children regardless of the editorial context presented or the signposting provided". - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23850778
The consequences of not following OFCOMS regulations is the closure of the production. If a production does not follow the rules when producing a film or TV show OFCOM have the ability to close the production and stop it from airing unless it changes the cause for the closure.

ASA is a self-regulatory organisation of the advertising industry. It is a non-statutory organisation and so cannot interpret or enforce legislation, code of advertising practice broadly reflects legislations in many instances. The ASA apply advertising codes which are written by the committees of advertising practice  They investigate and adjudicate on potential breaches of the advertising codes, and monitor compliance with the rules. It is the ASA act on complaints by pro actively checking the media to take action against misleading, harmful or offensive advertisements are removing them from harm towards the audience. Their mission is to ensure that advertising in all media is legal decent, honest and truthful to the benefit of consumers business and society 
one case where the ASA has been used is when the late 2013 KFC advert was aired.
Complaints were made that felt like the advert was encouraging excessive consumption of food.
"TV ad promoted the KFC "Mighty Bucket For One". A couple entered a KFC restaurant and the male character said, "I'm gonna have a Mighty Bucket For One, how about you?", to which the female character replied, "It's ok, I'll just have some of yours." The male character sighed and said, "Ok, I really like you, but it's a Mighty Bucket For One - you can have your own, if you want. Now, I will share a romantic walk with you, I will even share my innermost thoughts, but my food? Nahhh." A voice-over then stated, "With two pieces of original recipe chicken, hot wings, mini fillets, fries and a drink, the KFC Mighty Bucket For One ain't for sharing" while images of the product were displayed." 
KFC's response to this was that the consumers were very aware that some meals from fast-food suppliers might contain alot of calories and believe that such meals were a treat and to be enjoyed as a part of a balanced and healthy diet. They also stated the the advert displayed a humorous and playful tone of the situation and that it played on the stereotype that when men have a treat for lunch they often dont want to share. With the response and the acusation both taken into account ASA decided that the ad was not upheld.
"The ASA noted the high calorific content of the meal. We also noted that the meal was called the "Mighty Bucket For One" and that the central premise of the ad, although presented in a humorous and light-hearted way, was that the male character could not entertain the thought of sharing the meal with his girlfriend. We considered, however, that the ad only showed one isolated occasion when the man ordered and ate the meal, and there was no indication that he was in the habit of doing so. We also considered that there was no suggestion in the ad that an individual should, or that it would be advisable to, consume the meal on a daily or regular basis. We also noted Clearcast's assertion that if an individual ate the "Mighty Bucket" for either lunch or dinner, they could still eat a less calorific meal and stay within the recommended daily allowance. Therefore, we concluded that the ad did not condone or encourage the excessive consumption of food." - http://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2013/12/Kentucky-Fried-Chicken-Great-Britain-Ltd/SHP_ADJ_243465.aspx
If you break the ASA regulations it can result in banning of advertisements that cause discomfort and harm to members of the audience.

The final regulatory body is the BBFC. which stands for British board of film classification 
they are a non-governmental organisation, that is  funded by the film industry. Responsible for the national classification of films. It has a statutory requirement to classify videos, DVDs and some videos games under the video recordings act 2010
The BBFC is the organisation which gives films their classifications such as PG, U, 12
This body was set up in 1912 and have never accepted funds off the government to ensure that it stays independent. The video recordings act was passed in 1984 by parliament.
An example of the BBFC taking place is with the film the black swan. Directed by Darren Aronofsky and released in 2010.This production caused many issues for the BBFC when rating it such as drug use, self harm, sex, nudity and masturbation.  They came to that conclusion that the age rating was to be rated 15 and stated this on the film.
"The BBFCinsight for Black Swan notes that it ‘Contains strong sex, strong language and bloody images’. The expanded version gives further information on these issues". -  http://www.bbfc.co.uk/case-studies/black-swan
The BBFC can ban productions if that show content that isnt fit for the age rating shown on the film.

Refrences

http://www.bbfc.co.uk/
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/
http://www.pcc.org.uk/
http://www.asa.org.uk/

ethics in media

I will be looking into the different ethics that are though about when creating different TV shows and how to ensure that the people involved will be safe and are fit to take part on the shows.
Ethics in the media department is the moral principles that define how a person or a group of people act. Some of the most important ethical constraints that TV producers must take into account are

• Trust
• Liability
• Truth
• Privacy
• Serving the public's interest

The key constraints are very important as without following these it would be extremely difficult to create TV shows.
The ethics behind different styles of TV shows varies depending on the situation. for example with reality TV, you take celebrities or strangers that have never met, you don't know anything about them and don't know how the fame from being on TV will effect them. On shows such as X Factor, I'm a celebrity get me out of here, Big Brother members of the production team must put the participants through a series of tests to find out if they are mentally/physically fit to take part of the show. If you were to just put anyone on the shows without finding out the health of these people the fame could send them spiralling out of control, and in some cases causing them to lead to drug and alcohol abuse or even suicide. As well as the mental health the physical health is also an issue. if you are physically unfit to take part in certain reality shows like I'm a celebrity the shows consists of different tasks that endeavour fitness, being in confined spaces, eating edible creatures and participating in adrenalin challenge that involve being at high heights.
With drama shows it is a different ethical procedure as they are actors fitting a role, but as drama is based on real life, real life situations will become major story lines for example rape, murder, bullying, death. When drama shows are portraying these situations it is extremely important to take into account the people who are viewing the show, being careful not to make the scenes too graphic or revealing too much of what is going on. a lot of soap operas get around this by using the other senses of the audience instead of their eyes. For example in coronation Street there is a storyline which evolved a malicious bullying scene with children, but instead of showing you every detail of what happened they began by showing mild, minor actions, cutting the scene and re-opening after the attack had taken place. As well as this they also revealed a video clip but again the attack wasn't shown but instead the voices on the video were heard which made you realise what happened without actually showing you. It is also important to be caring towards the audience. as the story lines are based on real life situations these cases are more than likely to of happened to a number of the people watching the show at home. a popular way of using ethics in this situation besides not showing the attack them selves is by adding warnings and helplines at the beginning and ends of the shows which gives people the opportunity to talk with someone about what they have went through and if it has affected them or to not watch the show at all.
when members of the public take part on talk shows such as Jerry Springer, Jeremy Kyle and Maury, you must consider that the people on the shows are more than likely to have people living in there area watching or that the content of the shows could damage there life/reputation. Take Jeremy Kyle as an example. The largest reason for people going onto the show is to get paternity test. in these situations many families could be attending the show with full intention that they are 99% certain of who the biological parents are, and on many occasions have been distraught about the outcome. TV producers get through these tough experiences by providing a support team who are there to help you get through the situation. Same with Jerry Springer. it is well known for allowing people to vent there anger issues out by fighting. to ensure that the situation doesn't get out of hand and people are not hurt physically there are security guards present at all times during the show, on stage and off.
Comedy shows are different compared to the rest of the styles of shows. A lot of comedy shows have been caught out on racial, sexist, religious, celebrities and government jokes and sketches which are more than likely to offend members of the public. what a lot of comedy shows do in order to ensure that are not sued for their use of these sketches is by not singling out one person. for example. In family guy it has occurred more times that possible where they have made jokes regarding celebrities, whether that is from cases they have been accused of by paparazzi, there appearance or the private lives. they have made sure that they use a variety of different celebrities to joke about other than just the one.
When creating current affairs TV documentaries there are numerous different ethics that can be used in place of hiding the identity of people. As you are visiting areas where it is almost impossible to get every single persons consent to be shown or a lot of the people don't want to be shown at all. With shows such as Panorama where hidden cameras visit places such as care homes, schools and hospitals to uncover what it is actually like, almost all of the people shown are filmed without consent. to protect the identities of these people the editorial crew can blur out faces, not display names and when people are giving evidence they tend to change their voices. If the identities of these people were not kept hidden depending on the story there lives could become at risk, people may not believe what they are saying or may disagree with there opinions. also if they are employees and it was shown they were giving away information they could loose their jobs. Not only is it a case of hiding the identities of those that need to be, current affairs is hard hitting real life situations and it can tend to effect the audience seeing mental health patients. A procedure that is used often in these cases are help lines and warning signs at the beginning and end of the show, for members of the audience that have issues related to the show they have just watched.

It is extremely important for TV producers to think about the different ethics that need to be put into place when creating any genre of a TV show, if the show was to be aired with no ethics or constraints it could cause havoc within the audience with complaints, protests, banning of the show and suing the producers involved. Some of the guidelines that producers must work towards to ensure that they dont break the law, offend of harm the audience consist of  Harm and offence, fairness, contributors and consent, privacy,children and young people as contributors, religion and much more. each production company has their own set of guidelines here is an example of how many the BBC has.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidelines/

Each of these guidelines go into detail of the different things to consider. with children and young people as contributors for example. You must make sure that you have consent from parents and or guardians before filming, interviewing or photographing them. the reason for this is because personal issues within the family they may not want their child's images or voice to appear on national television or radio for anyone to see. Another important guideline to follow is harm and offence. In my opinion i believe that this guideline should be set for all productions mainly because there is so much that must go into consideration from sex and nudity to violence, intimidation and humiliation. If you are making a documentary about violence and you are interviewing someone with a violent history or a history of abused you must take into consideration that it is their own personal life that you are filming and showing to people all over the country. you must not lie or give away personal information about their location, age or any of the names involved. this guideline is put in place to protect the identity of the participant.

Legal constraints in the creative media sectors

Through out this blog post i will be looking into the legal side of media. It is extremely important for producers to have an understanding of the legal constraints when working in media because if they are not made aware of these laws they are more than likely to break them which can lead to fines and imprisonment.
There are many laws that must be followed by all media sectors to avoid court and prison sentences.
these laws are, Libel, Obscenity,copyright,privacy and official secrets act.
It is extremely important that producers whether it is producer of film, TV, Newspaper any form of media to follow the legal constraints as if they didn't there production would likely close, they could be issued a prison sentence and fined

When breaking libel law you can be sued for damages if you publish or broadcast things about a person which are untrue and damage their reputations. This law was created to protect individuals or organisations from unwarranted, mistaken or untruthful attacks on their reputation by members or the public or hate fans. The main resource for this law to take place is through social networking sites, mainly twitter. With the ability to speak your mind on the social networking site opinions can be taken into account and out of context. Although if you were to say for example "i cant stand Katy Perry" you would not be breaking laws as it is right to your opinions, but if you were to say "i cant stand Katy perry, ever since she spat on a fan" this accusation could give the singer a false opinion of herself to other people this can lead to the libel law being taken into action. Earlier this year the QI presenter Alan Davies falsely accused Lord McAline over child sex abuse allegations. Davies tweeted to his 450'000 followers "any clues on who the Tory paedophile is?". to later re-tweet a response naming McAlpine. He later tweeted an apology and agreed to pay £15'000 in damages and issued a warning to users of the social media service about being careful with what they say.
The Obscenity law is where something is overly obscene.
         
           "So, obscenity means the use of an offensive word or expression or depicting something vulgar or morally unacceptable. The society is continuously exposed to violence and obscenity in one way or the other. We see violence and obscenity in movies, music videos, news channels, newspapers, novels, comic books, music, etc." - http://andynoronha.wordpress.com/tag/violence-and-obscenity-in-media/

An example of the obscenity law taking place was with the film 'The Davinci Code'. A short while after the Da Vinci code was released in cinemas the producers or the film were taken into investigation as they were breaking the Italian penal code. The broke this as in the film it suggests that Mary Magdalene and Jesus were married with children. this centres the on obscenity on religious grounds. it names 10 people including writer of the book Dan Brown and the director of the film Ron Howard. Another example of the obscenity law taking place is with the gory horror film sequel the human centipede 2.

"Horror movie The Human Centipede 2: Full Sequence has been effectively banned from British shores after the BBFC deemed it “unacceptable material”. The film was submitted for classification but was found to be “sexually violent” and “potentially obscene”.

The original film, directed by Tom Six, saw a mad scientist stitch together victims from 'mouth to anus' creating the 'human centipede' of the title.
Speaking about the first film, BBFC director David Cooke stated, "Although the concept of the film was undoubtedly tasteless and disgusting it was a relatively traditional and conventional horror film and the board concluded that it was not in breach of our guidelines at ‘18’.”
 http://www.nme.com/filmandtv/news/human-centipede-sequel-too-obscene-to-be-re/217692#u876qkFjfTXJIWtS.99

The privacy law occurs when people take information without consent, take photographs of private life without permission. the most well known example of privacy law in action is from the news of the world phone hacking scandal.
"Nine years ago, in March 2002, Amanda “Milly” Dowler (aged 13) was on her way home from school. She was kidnapped and murdered and her body was found in September 2002. In June 2011, Levi Bellfield was convicted of her murder and sentenced to a “whole life” tariff. When Milly went missing, journalists of the News of the World newspaper “hacked” into her voicemail. The fact that this had happened came to public prominence in July 2011 when The Guardian newspaper revealed the story." - http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/09/18/is-the-official-secrets-act-about-to-be-used-to-gag-journalism-obiter-j/

When the news of the world hacked into the missing girls phone it was already breaking the privacy law but to then deleted messages left by worried parents of the girl making room on the already full answering machine and then revealing the story with information that could of only been provided from people first hand with the situation. the result of this hacking taking place led to the closure of the newspaper being closed

The official secrets act is a criminal offence which occurs when you obtain or publish and information from a serving or former member of the security and intelligence services, where the information could be damaging.  An example of the official secrets act taking place is when a foreign office official was charged under the official secrets act after a series of stories appeared in the new statesman and observer. Derek pasquill provided information about suspected terrorists as well as various revelations about government policy towards radical Islam.

http://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/oct/08/pressandpublishing.politicsandthemedia

copyright is the most known law all around the world. copyright happens when you take credit for someone else's work. it has occurred many times by millions of people whether it is known or not. it can occur by taking photos off of Google images and posted them as if they are your own or it can be serious by taking something that was created by someone else and earning money from it.
an example of copyright taking place is the case between Google and Viacom over YouTube. Viacom accused Google of posting videos without permission. Google were accused of unauthorized posting clips from "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart," "South Park," "Sponge Bob Square pants" and other programs that viewers had uploaded to YouTube.

http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/18/entertainment-us-google-viacom-idUSBRE93H17S20130418

http://news.cnet.com/8301-31001_3-20008636-261.html